Crash reduction monitoring system

Coding manual

Version 3.0

Appendix A Definitions of keywords and phrases

Print version: Appendix A (PDF, 237 KB, 16 pages)

The following are definitions of the keywords on the problem coding sheet and the recommendation coding sheet together with examples of how to describe crash problems and recommendations on the PR form. These are general descriptions intended as guidelines or examples of how the terms might be used.

A1 - Problem coding sheet

A.1.1   Problem categories

All/general - code 1

This should be used if all crash movement types (crash categories) make up the problem group, not just all crashes at the crash location. Generally this code should only be used in conjunction with optional details to convey the idea that all crashes of a specific type are addressed, eg all cycle crashes.

Overtaking - code 2

This category includes all movement codes with first letter A, plus two letter movement codes GE, GB.

Head-on (bend) - code 3

This category includes all head-on type crashes occurring on a bend. Two letter movement codes BB, BC, BD.

Head-on (straight) - code 4

This category includes all head-on type crashes occurring on a relatively straight length of road. Two letter movement code BA.

Lost control (bend) - code 5

This category includes any lost-control type of crashes occurring on a bend. All movement codes with first letter D, plus two letter movement code BF (curve).

Lost control (straight) - code 6

This category includes any lost-control type of crashes occurring on a relatively straight length of road. All movement codes with first letter C, plus two letter movement code BE (straight).

Rear-end/obstruction - code 7

This category includes any crashes which are a rear-end type, or involve a vehicle hitting an obstruction of some sort. All movement codes with first letter E, F, or M, plus two letter movement codes GA, GC, GD, GF.

Crossing - code 8

This category includes all crossing-type manoeuvres. All movement codes with first letter H.

Turning - code 9

This category includes all turning movements. All movement codes with first letter J or L.

Merging - code 10

This category includes all merging movements. All movement codes with first letter K.

Pedestrian - code 11

This category includes all collisions involving pedestrians. All movement codes with first letter N or P.

Other - code 12

This category includes all crashes not covered by the above categories. All movement codes with first letter Q.

A.1.2 Optional details

Darkness - code 1

Use this code if the problem group of crashes are occurring at night. For example, there may be head-on crashes at a bend which are occurring at night.

Wet road - code 2

Use this code for describing crashes which occur on wet road surfaces.

Struck roadside obstacle - code 3

Use this code if collisions with roadside obstacles are a significant feature of the crash problem.

Speed - code 4

Use this code if vehicle speed is a significant contributing factor to the crash problem.

Cyclist - code 5

Use this code if there is a crash problem involving cyclists.

A2 - Recommendation codes

A.2.1 Action categories/actions

Actions are divided into five action categories:

Install/add
Remove
Move
Upgrade/maintain
Modify

Within these five action categories are actions which describe the work recommended for each object. Note that the action category itself is not coded, but is a guide to help users find the appropriate action code.

Object categories/objects

Objects are divided into nine treatment categories:

Within these nine treatment categories are object codes which describe the safety improvements commonly implemented at crash locations. The general treatment category may be coded, if a specific object you want is not listed.

Treatment category: Surface and layout – code 100
Object	Code	Interpretation
Bridge	101
Carriageway/lane(s)	102	A general lane for vehicle/cyclist travel or the overall carriageway.
Crawler/passing lane	103	A lane for slower traffic that creates safer overtaking opportunities.
Driveway	104	A vehicle access to and from the roadway.
Flush median		Refer to Category 200, Markings and delineation.
Intersection	105	Any place where two or more roads join.
Physical bay – left turn	106	A lane used by left-turning traffic. This is to be used only where the road has been changed to physically construct a left turn bay.
Physical bay – right turn	107	A lane used by right-turning traffic. This is to be used only where the road has been changed to physically construct a right turn bay. Usually includes a median island.
Physical bay – parking	108	A lane specifically used for parking. This is to be used only where the road has been changed to physically construct a parking bay. For simply marking a parking space on an existing road use code 222.
Ramp	109	Entrance/exit ramp at grade-separated intersection.
Shoulder	110	The portion of the trafficable carriageway between the edge of the traffic lane and the outer edge of the trafficable/sealed carriageway.
Taper	111	Shape of merge or diverge.
Very high friction surfacing	112	Used to describe specialised surface treatments with very high polished stone values. Generally applied to address loss of control in wet crashes.
Treatment category: Markings and delineation – code 200
Object	Code	Interpretation
Bridge end marker	201
Bus stop	202	The painted markings and signs indicating a bus stop.
Centreline - dashed	203	A dashed line separating two opposite directions of travel.
Centreline - solid	204	A solid line separating two opposite directions of travel.
Chevron – single curve indicator		A single reflectorised arrow used to indicate the road alignment or curve. Refer Category 400, Signs. Use appropriate Manual of traffic signs and markings (MOTSAM) sign code PW67.
Chevron board – full		Multiple reflectorised arrows used to indicate a curve or intersection. Refer Category 400, Signs. Use appropriate MOTSAM sign code PW66, RC5, etc.
Continuity line	207	A dashed edge line through an intersection. Generally used on the left hand side of a lane.
Diagonal markings	208	Eg to hatch shoulders. Use 212 if marking is used to fill in a painted island.
Edgeline	209	Delineates the left hand edge of a traffic lane and separates the shoulder or parking from the through traffic.
Edge marker posts	210	Used to delineate the road alignment, especially at bends. Also referred to as ‘delineator posts’.
Flush median	211	Median which is flush or painted instead of raised.
Guard rail		Refer to Category 600, Roadside features (606).
Hatched/painted island	212	An island which is painted on the road surface (not a raised island).
Hazard marker	213	Indicates a roadside hazard. Does not include edge marker posts or ‘bridge end markers’.
Lane markings – general	214	General lane markings, used to separate lanes of traffic travelling in the same direction.
Lane markings – arrows	215	Specify which directions of travel are permitted from a given lane.
Lane markings – cycle lane	216	A painted lane specifically for cycles. Can be a shared bus/cycle lane.
Lane markings – left turn	217	Used to indicate a left turning lane.
Lane markings – right turn lane/bay	218	Used to indicate a right turning lane or painted right turn bay.
Lane markings – roundabout	227	Refers to any concentric lane markings used at a roundabout to reduce confusion or improve vehicle flow.
Limit lines	219	Indicating where traffic should give way or stop at an intersection or railway level crossing.
No overtaking line	220	A solid yellow line, indicating a length of road where overtaking is not allowed.
No stopping lines	221	Yellow dashed lines along the side of the road to prohibit parking or stopping at all times.
Parking space - painted	222	Refers to the painted lines marking the parking space. If the recommendations refer to a physical bay constructed for parking, use code 106 – parking bay physical.
Pedestrian crossings	223	Markings indicating a pedestrian crossing.
RRPMs	224	Reflective raised pavement markers.
Sight rail	225	Wooden rail which may be used to delineate curve in the road or the end of a road. Does not include guard rails.
Words	226	Words painted on the carriageway, e.g. ‘Give Way’, ‘Stop’, etc.
Treatment category: Lighting – code 300
Object	Code	Interpretation
Lighting	300	Refers to artificial street lighting, including flag lights and floodlighting.
Treatment category: Traffic signs – code 400
Object	Code	Interpretation
Sign	400	Code signs according to the Manual of traffic signs and markings, e.g. Stop sign is RG5. For coding, code 400 in the OBJECT column, and the sign code in the column for traffic sign code.
Advertising signs/billboards		Refer to Category 600, Roadside features
Treatment category: Kerbs, islands and medians – code 500
Object	Code	Interpretation
Bulbous kerbs	501	Extensions to the kerbs, for example to allow pedestrians wanting to cross the road to be visible to drivers.
Flush median		Refer to Category 200, Markings and delineation (211).
Hatched/painted island		Refer to Category 200, Markings and delineation (212).
Kerb	502
Median barrier		Refer to Category 600, Roadside features (607).
Pedestrian refuge	503	Used to provide a refuge in the middle of the road for pedestrians.
Raised median	504	Physical median which separates two directions of traffic flow.
Roundabout		Refer to Category 800, Control types (803).
Seagull/splitter island	505	Splits and directs diverging and/or merging traffic flows. Includes left turn islands.
Speed hump	506	Used to restrict traffic speed. Also use this code for speed cushion.
Throat/fishtail island	507	A central island on an intersection approach. Used to highlight junctions or restrict some turning manoeuvres.
Threshold/gateway/platform	508	Includes all kerbing, surface treatments signs and marking associated with thresholds, gateways, platforms etc designed to control vehicle speeds or access. Devices can be installed at junctions or midblock locations.
Treatment category: Roadside features – code 600
Object	Code	Interpretation
Building	601
Cliff/bank	602
Ditch	603
Fence	604	Includes hedges and walls that are intended as fences. ‘Trees/vegetation’ or ‘building’ may otherwise be more appropriate.
Footpath	605	A path designated for pedestrians and segregated from the vehicle carriageway.
Guard rail	606	Designed to restrain or redirect errant vehicles. Does not include ‘sight rail’.
Median barrier	607	Barrier separating opposite directions of traffic flow, usually on motorways.
Poles	608	Power/utility poles, includes lighting columns.
Trees/vegetation	609	Any which have some effect on the location (ie contribute to the crash problem). Use of this code is not merely to record the presence of vegetation, etc.
Advertising signs/billboards	610	Includes any roadside advertising sign, billboard, banner, sandwich board, etc.
Treatment category: Traffic flow – code 700
Object	Code	Interpretation
Left turn vehicles	701
Right turn vehicles	702
Parked vehicles	703
Treatment category: Control types – code 800
Give way control	801	Includes Give Way sign, wording marked on roadway surface, and limit lines.
Stop control	802	Includes Stop sign, wording marked on roadway surface, and limit lines.
Roundabout	803	A rotary intersection comprising a central island, and in most cases, throat islands on the approaches to the intersection. Includes control signs, wording marked on roadway surface, and limit lines.
Speed limit	804	Refers to the speed limit itself, not the sign. If you are referring to the speed limit sign, code this under Category 400, Traffic signs.
One-lane bridge control	805	Includes one-lane bridge control signs, and any pavement markings.
Railway barrier	806	Includes all barrier arms, signals, signs and markings.
Traffic signal (TS) control	807	Includes the full traffic signal control intersection or crossing (includes all signal facilities and pavement markings).
TS (Upgrade to) Austroads/NZ standards	808	Refers to the present Austroads standards which have been adopted for New Zealand traffic signals. This code should only be used in combination with the action code 41 (upgrade).
TS Phasing	809	Refers to changing the phasing of traffic signals. This code should generally only be used with the action code 64 (change).
TS Other	810	Refers to any other aspects or objects relating to traffic signals not covered in this category.
TS Lanterns	811	Refers to the standard three lamp display unit. Also known as aspects, signal head, etc.
TS Overhead lanterns	812	Refers exclusively to traffic signal lanterns positioned above traffic lanes on overhead mast arms.
TS Arrow lanterns	813	Refers exclusively to arrow display traffic lanterns.
Speed threshold		Refers commonly to rural/urban speed change thresholds at town boundaries. Use object code 508, threshold/gateway/platform
Treatment category: Road geometry – code 900
Crest	901	Vertical curve at the top of a rise.
Curve	902	Horizontal curve.
Depression	903	Deformation (slump) in the road pavement.
Sag	904	Vertical curve at the bottom of a dip.
Superelevation/camber	905	Crossfall/slope of the road across the lanes, or on curves, bends.

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Page created: 8 August 2005